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Vaccinazioni per l’infanzia ed autismo: un caso accertato negli
Stati Uniti
Mercoledì 9
Aprile 2008 - Gli studi clinici hanno fallito nel mostrare un
legame tra vaccinazione ed autismo, ma molti genitori di bambini
autistici hanno nutrito dubbi su queste conclusioni.
Il Governo americano ha ora ammesso che la
vaccinazione può avere arrecato
danni ad una bambina di 9 anni, ed ha annunciato che si farà
carico delle spese per la cura.
Nel 2000 Hannah aveva 19 mesi ed uno sviluppo normale, quando
ricevette 5 iniezioni per la prevenzione di 9 malattie
infettive.
Nel 2001 alla bambina è stato diagnosticato il disturbo
autistico.
Per il fatto che il padre di Hannah era un neurologo al Johns
Hopkins Hospital, la bambina è stata sottoposta ad una serie di
esami, che hanno evidenziato un disordine a livello
mitocondriale.
Due teorie sono state ipotizzate: la prima che la bambina
presentava una sottostante malattia mitocondriale e che la
vaccinazione ha slatentizzato, la seconda è che la vaccinazione
ha
causato questo disordine.
Il Governo ha optato per la prima ipotesi: la bambina aveva una
sottostante malattia mitocondriale che è stata aggravata dalla
vaccinazione.
Molti dei vaccini che Hannah ha ricevuto contenevano Tiomersale,
un preservativo a base di Mercurio.
Negli Stati Uniti, il Tiomersale è stato rimosso dai vaccini
somministrati nell’infanzia a partire dal 2001.
Rimane aperto il dibattito sulle vaccinazioni multiple
nell’infanzia. ( Xagena Medicina )
Fonte: The New York Times, 2008 -
Medicina-Online.net + vedi
Autismo - La prova dei
Danni dei Vaccini +
Autismo dai VACCINI
Lenny and The Mad Hatter
(a) Rigid literal interpretation of word
meaning; word meaning and pragmatic errors which interfere with social
communication
Lenny -
"He was very literal
minded, and words spoken to him became matters of immutable fact. For
example, he was trying on new shoes. His mother asked him if they slipped
up and down. He said they didn't, and when asked again if he were sure, he
replied, 'No, they don't slip up and down; they slip down and then they
slip up.' "
The Mad Hatter -
"Take some more
tea," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.
"I've had nothing
yet," Alice replied in an offended tone: "so I ca'n't take
more."
"You mean you ca'n't take
less," said the Hatter: "It's very easy to take more than
nothing."
(b) Social deficits, inability to interpret
social rules, leading to perceived rude behavior
Lenny -
"Although
he tried working in his father's business for a time, his immaturity,
self-centered behavior, and lack of social judgment required his return to
a sheltered setting."
The Mad Hatter -
"Your
hair wants cutting," said the Hatter. He had been looking at Alice
for some time with great curiosity, and this was his first speech.
"You should learn not to
make personal remarks," Alice said with some severity: "it's
very rude."
The Hatter
opened his eyes wide upon hearing this; but all he said was "Why is a
raven like a writing desk?"
(c)
Inability to engage in meaningful social conversation; poor conversational
interpretation skills; perseverative thoughts
Lenny -
"During one interview he
engaged in a 20 minute monologue about a broken washing mashine.
The
interviewer momentarily dozed off. Upon rousing, the interviewer
exclaimed, 'Oh, Lenny, I'm sorry!' 'It's all right,' Lenny replied
calmly, 'the washing machine got fixed."
The Mad Hatter (who
talks obsessively/perseveratively about Time for a good portion of the
chapter) -
"What
a funny watch!" she remarked. "It tells the day of the month,
and doesn't tell what o'clock it is !"
"Why
should it?" muttered the Hatter. "Does your watch tell you what
year it is?"
"Of course not, "
Alice replied very readily: "but that's because it stays the same
year for such a long time altogether."
"Which is just the case
with mine," said the Hatter.
Alice felt dreadfully puzzled.
The Hatter's remark seemed to her to have no sort of meaning in it, and
yet it was certainly plain English.
Language and Hearing
The third diagnostic criterion for autism is a qualitative impairment in
communication (APA, 1994), and such impairment is a primary feature of
mercury poisoning.
Delayed language onset is often among the first overt signs of ASD
(Eisenmajer et al, 1998).
Historically, half of those with classic
autism failed to develop meaningful speech (Gillberg & Coleman, 1992;
Prizant, 1996); and oral-motor deficits (e.g. chewing, swallowing) are
often present (Filipek et al, 1999).
When speech develops, there may
be “specific neuromotor speech disorders,” including verbal dyspraxia,
a dysfunction in the ability to plan the coordinated movements to produce
intelligible sequences of speech sounds, or dysarthria, a weakness or lack
of control of the oral musculature” leading to articulation problems
(Filipek et al, 1999). Echolalic speech and pronoun reversals are
typically found in younger children.
Many ASD subjects show poorer
performance on tests of verbal IQ relative to performance IQ (Dawson,
1996; Filipek at al, 1999). Higher functioning individuals, such as
those with Asperger’s Syndrome, may have language fluency but still
exhibit semantic (word meaning) and pragmatic (use of language to
communicate) errors (Filipek et al, 1999).
Auditory impairment is also common. Two separate studies, for
example, both found that 24% of autistic subjects have a hearing deficit
(Gillberg & Coleman, 1992). More recently Rosenhall et al (1999)
have diagnosed hearing loss ranging from mild to profound, as well as
hyperacusis,otitis media, and conductive hearing loss, in a minority of
ASD subjects, and these traits were independent of IQ status. Among
the earliest signs of autism noted by mothers were strange reactions to
sound and abnormal babble (Gillberg & Coleman, 1992),and many ASD
children are tested for deafness before receiving a formal autism
diagnosis (Vostanis et al, 1998).
“Delayed or prompted response to
name” differentiates 9-12 months old toddlers, later diagnosed with
autism, from mentally retarded and typical controls (Baranek, 1999).
In fact, “bizarre responses” to auditory stimuli are nearly universal
in autism and may present as“either a lack of responsiveness or an
exaggerated reaction to auditory stimuli” (Roux et al, 1998), possibly
due to sound sensitivity (Grandin, 1996). Kanner noted an aversion
to certain types of sounds, such as vacuum cleaners (Kanner, 1943).
Severe deficits in language comprehension are often present (Filipek et
al, 1999). Difficulties in picking out conversational speech from
background noise are commonly reported by high functioning ASD individuals
(Grandin, 1995; MAAP, 1997-1998).
In regard to language and auditory phenomena, autism's parallels to
mercurialism are striking. Emerging signs of mercury poisoning are
dysarthria (defective articulation in speech due to CNS dysfunction) and
then auditory disturbance, leading to deafness in very high doses
(Clarkson, 1992). In some cases, hearing impairment manifests as an
inability to comprehend speech rather than an inabilityto hear sound
(Dales, 1972).
Hg poisoning can also result in aphasia, the
inability to understand and/or physically express words (Kark et al,
1971). Speech difficulties may arise from “intention tremor, which
can be noticeable about the mouth, tongue, face, and head, as well as in
the extremities” (Adams et al, 1983).
Mercury-exposed children especially show a marked difficulty with speech
(Pierce et al, 1972; Snyder, 1972; Kark et al, 1971). Even children
exposed prenatally to “safe” levels of methylmercury performed less
well on standardized language tests than did unexposed controls (Grandjean
et al, 1998). Iraqi babies exposed prenatally either failed to
develop language or presented with severe language deficits in childhood.
They exhibited“exaggerated reaction” to sudden noise and some had
reduced hearing (Amin-Zaki, 1974 and 1979). Iraqi children who were
postnatally poisoned from bread containing either methyl or ethylmercury
developed articulation problems, from slow, slurred word productionto the
inability to generate meaningful speech. Most had impaired hearing
and a few became deaf (Amin-Zaki, 1978). In acrodynia, symptoms of
sufferers (vs. controls) include noise sensitivity and hearing problems
(Farnesworth, 1997).
Adults also exhibit these same Hg-induced impairments. There is
slurred or explosive speech (Dales, 1972), as well as difficulty in
picking out one voice from a group (Joselow et al, 1972).
Poisoned
Iraqi adults developed articulation problems (Amin-Zaki, 1974). A 25
year old man with elemental mercury poisoning had reduced hearing at all
frequencies (Kark et al, 1971). Thimerosal injected into a 44 year
old man initially led to difficulty verbalizing, even though his abilities
in written expression were uncompromised; he then progressed to slow and
slurred speech, although he could still comprehend verbal language; and he
finally lost speech altogether (Lowell et al, 1996). In Mad
Hatter’s disease, there were word retrieval and articulation
difficulties (O’Carroll et al, 1995). A scientist who recently
died from dimethylmercury poisoning demonstrated an inability to
understand speech despite having good hearing sensitivity for pure tones
(Musiek and Hanlon, 1999). Workers exposed to mercury vapor showed
decreased verbal intelligence relative to performance IQ (Piikivi et al,
1984; Vroom and Greer, 1972).
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Table
III: Summary of Speech, Language
&
Hearing Deficits in Autism & Mercury Poisoning |
|
Mercury
Poisoning
|
Autism
|
|
Complete
loss of speech in adults or children; failure to develop speech in
infants
|
Delayed
language onset; failure to develop speech
|
|
Dysarthria;
speech difficulties from intention tremor; slow and slurred speech
|
Dysarthria;
dyspraxia and oral-motor planning difficulties; unintelligible speech
|
|
Aphasia,
the inability to use or understand words, inability to comprehend speech
although ability to hear sound is intact
|
Speech
comprehension deficits, although ability to hear sound is intact
|
|
Difficulties
verbalizing; word retrieval problems
|
Echolalia;
pronoun reversals, word meaning and pragmatic errors; limited speech
production
|
|
Auditory
disturbance; difficulties differentiating voices in a crowd
|
Difficulties
following conversational speech with background noise
|
|
Sound
sensitivity
|
Sound
sensitivity
|
|
Hearing
loss; deafness in very high doses
|
Mild
to profound hearing loss
|
|
Poor
performance on standardized language tests
|
Poor
performance on verbal IQ tests
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SenSensory Perception
Sensory
impairment is considered by many researchers to be a defining
characteristic of autism (Gillberg and Coleman, 1992; Williams, 1996).
Baranek (1999) detected sensory-motor problems - touch aversion,
poor non-social visual attention, excessive mouthing of objects, and
delayed response to name - in 9-12 month old infants later diagnosed
with autism, and suggests that these impairments both underlie later
social deficits and serve to differentiate ASD from mental retardation
and typical controls. Besides
sensitivity to sound, as previously noted, ASD often involves
insensitivity to pain, even to a burning stove (Gillberg & Coleman,
1992), while on the other hand there may be an overreaction to stimuli,
so that even light to moderate touches are painful.
Pinprick tests are usually normal.
Children with autism have been described as “stiff to hold,”
and one of the earliest signs reported by mothers is an aversion to
being touched (Gillberg & Coleman, 1992).
Abnormal sensation in the extremities and mouth are common.
Toe-walking is frequently seen. Oral sensitivity often results in
feeding difficulties (Gillberg & Coleman, 1992, p.31).
Autistic children frequently have vestibular impairments and
difficulty orienting themselves in space (Grandin, 1996; Ornitz, 1987).
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